ICDP is an international continental scientific drilling program that developed from the German Continental Scientific Deep Drilling Program (Kontinentales Tiefbohrprogramm – KTB). ICDP was established to test scientific hypothesis and models, which can only be corroborated or revised through drilling of continental crust.

A fundamental rationale of ICDP is, that all parties involved in specific drilling projects cooperate on a scientific and technical basis. Members of the Science Team have free access to drill sites, borehole data and core samples. Continental drilling takes place at geological key sites and is managed by an international Science Team.

Continental scientific drilling is a remarkable and unique instrument of modern geosciences. It allows us to catch a glimpse of the inaccessible depths of our home planet. Only by drilling scientists can observe actual conditions, changes and ongoing processes in the depth.

Scientific drilling is used when sampled rocks exposed on the Earth’s surface cannot sufficiently explain past geological processes and when geophysical imaging does not sufficiently explain observed phenomena such as volcanic or earthquake activities. Scientific drilling enables us to reconstruct past climate and environmental changes and the functioning of the System Earth with the interconnection of geosphere, biosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere.

Although great technical advances have been made, the deepest borehole on Earth is the 12,262 m deep hole on the Kola Peninsula , northwestern Russia, drilled from May 1970 to 1989 which represents only about 0,09 % of the total diameter (12.750 km) of our planet! The two deepest boreholes of the German Continental Deep Drilling Program (4000 m and 9101 m) (KTB ) yielded essential insights in the structure and processes of the upper crust of the Earth. These boreholes are used as deep labs for long-term observations of processes in the Earth’s interior.

International Criterion - ICDP projects should be international in scope in order to choose the very best targets, to optimize scientific yields.

Global Criterion – Projects should represent problems of global significance, rather than just local problems.

Need-for-Drilling Criterion - ICDP projects demonstrate that the necessary information is not otherwise obtainable than by drilling, or that they exploit the unique environment of the borehole.

Societal-Needs Criterion - ICDP projects (where appropriate) strive to collaborate with industry. Mostly projects have relevance to societal needs, such as energy and mineral resources and geological hazards, etc.

Depth-and-Cost Criterion - ICDP projects should attempt to be economic by minimizing unnecessary drilling depths and costs. Chosen drilling targets are often the best possible locations worldwide for the classes of phenomena being investigated.

Active-Processes Criterion - ICDP projects put special emphasis on the study of active rather than ancient geological systems.

ICDP membership serves to co-finance the program.
The majority of the funds are raised by countries, hosting the respective scientific drilling projects and by international funding agencies. In other words, the ICDP membership-fees of each partner represent a co-financing of scientific drilling projects, opening the scientific program to the international community.

Present members are: Germany, USA, China, Japan, Mexico, Canada, Poland, Iceland, Austria, Norway, Czech Republic, Finland, South Africa, Italy, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, New Zealand, Schlumberger Inc, and the UNESCO.

Recently the new science plan of ICDP for the period of 2006 to 2011 was adopted with eight major research areas:

• Climate Change and Global Environments
• Impact Structures
• Geobiosphere and Early Life
• Volcanic Systems and Thermal Regimes
• Mantle Plumes and Rifting
• Active Faulting and Earthquake Processes
• Collision Zones and Convergent Margins
• Natural Resources

The results obtained are important to respond to topics of societal concern such as natural climate change and human influences on natural cycles and equilibriums, origin, prediction and monitoring of earthquakes and of volcanic eruptions, geothermic energy recovery, fluid mining and utilization of resources. For an overview of all worldwide ICDP projects please visit www.icdp-online.de .

The participation of German scientists from University and national research centres in the scientific program of ICDP is enabled in the framework of the German Priority Program ICDP (ICDP SPP 1006) of the DFG (German Research Foundation).

The tasks of the national ICDP office include the initiation and coordination of research projects, to liaise with several hundreds of members and stakeholders of the priority program, and to cooperate with related geoscientific programs such as ICDP International and IODP . Future tasks are to enhance the visibility of German research activities related to continental scientific drilling at the international level.

In past and ongoing projects German scientific groups took and take part in about 80% of all ICDP initiatives and were or are involved with major commitments as PI’s (Principal Investigator) in 20% of all ICDP ventures. A more detailed presentation of German drilling initiatives and projects may be found in the Highlights section.

Flowchart showing structure/connection of ICDP International and ICDP Germany:

Please click on flowchart for a higher resolution.

The counterpart program of drilling on continents (ICDP) is IODP, drilling of oceanic crust. The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) is an international marine research drilling program dedicated to advance scientific understanding of the Earth by monitoring and sampling sub-seafloor environments.

IODP Germany
IODP

Both communities (ICDP and IODP) collaborate, advancing scientific goals, improving communication to scientists and sharing information.

As a matter of fact drilling in continental crust and drilling in oceanic crust (please click here for an explanation of differences in crusts) requires very different organisational, administrative, financial and even management structures.

A drilling campaign on land has the possibility to rent drilling derricks, tools and instruments as much as needed (depending on the budget) for the length of time required within the scope of the requirements of the respective drilling project on the spot. The campaign also needs strong support from scientists and government members of the target drilling campaign country. Drilling on different continents means to observe varying national laws and interests (e.g. laws concerning environment protection and land conservation, licensing requirements and orders, internal and foreign policies).

Drilling at sea demands extensive organisational preparation and long-term funding because the ships and platforms are planned and constructed for special scientific needs and research projects. The ships have to be maintained and used to full capacity, in order to deploy man-power (sailors, technicians and scientists) reasonably and keep running infrastructure at optimal cost. Contrary to ICDP campaigns ship expeditions request to observe the law for international waters only.

Over the past few years ICDP and IODP developed strong ties und joint activities such as a jointly published journal called ”SCIENTIFIC DRILLING ”.

Other achievements are:

• Joint meetings at national and international conferences
• Joint ICDP/IODP proposals
• Specifically the German communities of ICDP and IODP work closely together organising joint conferences.